Cahit_Polat

Vocabulary Term + Part of Speech + Definition(in your own words) + Sample Sentence Place Found (with link if relevant)

Ontology (n)- The study of nature and the basic classifications along with the relationships between them. In science class, we often use **ontology** to understand the relationship between animal species.//[|Ground Rules for Good Research]: A 10 Point Guide for Social Researchers

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9

**Week 1** - **Vocabulary for Week Ending Friday July 3 ** // 1. ** Form ** (v): to be or exist. The universe was formed before the earth was formed. // Exploring Content 1 // 2. ** Generate ** (v): to originate. 3. ** Concentrate ** (v): to focus on something A large amount of heat was generated as the particles became concentrated to form Earth. // Exploring Content 1 // 4. ** Molten core ** (v): hot liquid rock center. Although not as hot as the sun, the material of earth formed a molten core (hot liquid rock center) that became encased by a thin outer crust as it cooled. // Exploring Content 1 //

5. ** Hostile ** (adj): not able to live. These hostile conditions (high temperature, lack of water, lack atmosphere) on early earth couldn’t have supported any form of live similar to what we see today. // Exploring Content 1 //

6. ** Ensure ** (v): to make us sure. This strategy is effective because it helps ensure that you understand a reading passage while you are reading. // Exploring Content 1 // 7. ** Attract ** (v): to force something to go near of something. As particles collected in to bodies, gravity increased and more particles were attracted to the bodies. // Exploring Content 1 //

8. ** Ultimately ** (adv): finally. Ultimately a central body (the sun) was formed and several other bodies (planets) formed that moved around it. // Exploring Content 1 //

9. ** Cool ** (v): to get to be colder. As the earth cooled, volcanic activity probably caused the release of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, and early atmosphere was formed. // Exploring Content 1 // 10. ** Encounter ** (v): to see or to meet. When you encounter new vocabulary that you need to know, you can often figure out the meaning from context. // Exploring Content 1 //

11. ** Weigh ** (v): to think about something. Hulapai leaders say they weighed those concerns for years before agreeing to build the skywalk. // Reader’s Choice //

12. ** Front ** (v): to pay about something. Las vegas businessman David Jin fronted the money to build the skywalk. // Reader’s Choice //

13. ** Accuse ** (v): to charge somebody because of his/her faults. Hualapai worry about disturbing nearby burial sites and environmentalists have accuse the tribe of transforming the majestic canyon into a tourist trap. // Reader’s Choice // 14. ** Brief ** (adj): short The astronauts were expected to help christen the deck the deck during a brief ceremony. // Reader’s Choice // 15. ** Slave ** (n): a person who work for somebody without money. Beginning in the seventeenth century, African people were brought to North America to be slaves. // Writing to Communicate // // 16. //** Odor ** (n): smell Since cigarette smoke has an offensive odor that permeates clothing, stuffed furniture, and carpeting, smokers often find that these items must be cleaned more frequently than those of nonsmokers. // Refining Composition Skills // 17. ** Associate ** (v): make connection or try to find similarities between two things. Circle this idea and form it draw lines and write ideas associated with. // Refining Composition Skills // 18. ** Shift ** (v): to change. The balance of civilization is shifting. // The Clash of Civilization and the Remarking of World Order // 19. ** Emerge ** (v): to develop. A civilization-based world is emerging. // The Clash of Civilization and the Remarking of World Order // 20. ** Intermittent ** (adj): not often During most of human existence, contacts between civilizations were intermittent or nonexistence. // The Clash of Civilization and the Remarking of World Order // 21. ** Conquer ** (v): to get control of a country or an area. At the same time, western nations also expended, conquered, colonized, or decisively influenced every other civilization. // The Clash of Civilization and the Remarking of World Order

Week 2

//

In 1953 Stanley L. Miller conducted an experiment to test the idea that organic molecules could be synthesized in a reducing environment.
 * Conduct** (v): to manage something

Exploring Content 1

In a glass reducing atmosphere was simulated water to represent the early oceans.
 * Apparatus** (n): equipment for special purposes or studies

Exploring Content 1

Electrical sparks provided the energy needed to produce organic compounds.
 * Spark** (n): a small particle

Exploring Content 1

After a week operation, he removed some of the water from the apparatus.
 * Remove** (v): to take away from situation

Exploring Content 1

The organic molecules must be collected together and segregated from other molecules by a membrane.
 * Segregate** (v): to isolate

Exploring Content 1

Water had to come from the oceans and either freeze or evaporate.
 * Evaporate** (v): to boil liquid

Exploring Content 1

Ever since its formation, Earth has undergone constant change.
 * Constant** (adj): continuous

Exploring Content 1

Today it is clear that the oxygen in our atmosphere is the result of the process of photosynthesis.
 * Photosynthesis** (n): breath of plants

Exploring Content 1

When biologists adopted Linnaeus’s binomial method, they eliminated the confusion that was the result of using common names.
 * Adopt** (v): to get used to

Exploring Content 1

Also, unlike the Cold War, no single cleavage dominates, and multiple cleavages exist between the West and other civilizations and among the many non-Wests.
 * Cleavage** (n): dividing

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remarking of World Order

The relations among civilizations have evolved through two phases and now in a third.
 * Evolve** (v): to develop

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remarking of World Order

Yet race and war aren’t identical.
 * Identical** (adj): same

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remarking of World Order

The cultures of peoples interact and overlap.
 * Overlap** (n): amount

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remarking of World Order

=Week 4=

He says, good odds like those will get new voters to the polls. www.nytimes.com/2006/12/magazine/10ballot.html
 * 1. odd** (n): unique

He’s been called crassly commercial and undemocratic by critics who say enticing voters with money would degrade. www.nytimes.com/2006/12/magazine/10ballot.html
 * 2. crassly** (adv): rudely
 * 3. enticing** (adj): attracting

Osterloh, who has run unsuccessfully for public office several times, gathered enough signatures to get his lottery idea on the ballot in Arizona in November. [|www.nytimes.com/2006/12/magazine/10ballot.html]
 * 4. gather** (v): to collect or to accumulate
 * 5. ballot** (n): the paper that we use while we are voting.

Grade inflation is especially prevalent in some of America’s elite colleges and universities. [|www.thepost.ohiou.edu/archives2/050799/601.html]
 * 6. prevalent** (adj): common

Psychologists have long been aware of this dismal aspect of human behavior.
 * 7. dismal** (adj): emotional or not funny

Some experts argue that institutions such as OU, Kenyon, Duke and Stanford have experienced grade inflation at a greater scale because of their dedication to more selective admission. [|www.thepost.ohiou.edu/archives2/050799/601.html]
 * 8. dedication** (v): to devote yourself for a goal.

If you back out of a drive way and into a wayward tree branch, the resulting scrape tears the surface in two to reveal the duller undercolor, much to the dismay of any new car owner. [|www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/magazine/10sections 4.t-2.html] Depending on the severity of the scratch, the surface will return to its original state overnight or by the end of a week. [|www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/magazine/10sections 4.t-2.html]
 * 9. scrape** (v): to dig
 * 10. tear** (v): to divide two parts or to make harm.
 * 11. severity** (n): importance

The following are some helpful tips for making the most out of a PowerPoint presentation. []
 * 12. tip** (n): soft hitting

People are visual learners. []
 * 13. visual** (adj):

But the accuracy of polygraphs, which measure pulse rates and blood pressure, has frequently been questioned. http: //guery.nytimes.com//
 * 14. accuracy** (n): correctness or attention
 * 15. pulse** (n): blood fluency

//**16. undeterred** (adj): don’t allow somebody to charge you. Yet the brain mappers are undeterred. http:// guery.nytimes.com

But recently the technique has become much more precise. http: //guery.nytimes.com//
 * 17. precise** (adj): exact

//**18. betray** (v); to something accidently that you aren’t supposed to say. Harrington’s brain did not betray recognition images from the crime scene but did react to scenes from his alibi. http:// guery.nytimes.com

Kivetz says, ”we inevitably regret being virtuous and wish we’d been bigger hedonists. [|www.nytimes.com/2006/12/magazine] /10hyperopia.html
 * 19. hedonist** (n): the person who like fun very much.
 * 20. virtuous** (adj): ethical

My research, he says, is not a license to sin. [|www.nytimes.com/2006/12/magazine] /10hyperopia.html
 * 21. sin** (n): crime


 * week 5**

1) Fertile (n): much A species is a population of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsprings. Exploring Content 1

2) Gain (v): to earn 3) Accurately (adv): completely As children gain experience with the world, they learn to classify animals more accurately. Exploring Content 1

4) Evolve (v): to change or to improve Individual organisms can evolve (False). Exploring Content 1

5) Awkward (adj): not good or not beautiful Clearly, this system was very complex and awkward. Exploring Content 1

6) Confusion (v): the situation of to be confused When biologists adopted Linnaeus’s binomial method, they eliminated the confusion that was the result of using common local names. Exploring Content 1

7) Tricky (adj): suspicious Is There Anything Good About Men? And other Tricky Questions. Writing to Communicate

8) Redden (v): going be red 9) Yell (v): to bellow His face was reddened, and he yelled at the woman sitting opposite him for about 15 seconds. Refining Composition Skills

10) Abruptly (adv): suddenly He must have realized this, because as abruptly as he started, he stopped; he lowered his voice and finished whatever it was he had to say in a tone the rest of us could not hear. Refining Composition Skills

11) Starling (adj): amazing 12) Outburst (v): to flow suddenly It was starling precisely because it almost never happens; there are no laws against such an, and with the pressure of our modern world you would expect to run into such a thing on a regular basis. Refining Composition Skills

13) witness (v): to see But you don’t; as a matter of fact, when thought about it I realized that it was the first time in my life I had witnessed such a demonstration. Refining Composition Skills

14) scream (v): to shout 15) lug (n): ear In all the meals I had in all restaurants, I had never seen a person start screaming at the top of his lugs. Refining Composition Skills

16) disintegrate (v): to be empty 17) obey (v): to be respectful of rules and do them The customs that govern us are what make a civilization; there would be chaos without them, and yet for some reason- even in the disintegrating society of 1982- we obey them. Refining Composition Skills

18) Idling (v): to work something for anything You can see directions; there is no one else around no headlights, no police cruiser idling behind you. Refining Composition Skills

19) spectator (n): a person who watch something Regardless of the emotion of the contest, the spectators stay in their places, and the athletes are safe in their part of the arena. Refining Composition Skills

20) wander (v): walk around without any aim Yet it would be remarkably easy to wander away from a meal without paying at the end. Refining Composition Skills

21) violate (v): not to be respectful In an area of sexual egalitarianism, you would expect impatient equality people to violate this rule on occasion.

Week 6 American universities since in the mid-1960’s have increasingly been afflicted by the problem of grade inflation. //Refining Composition Skills//
 * 1)** **Afflict** (v): to affect badly

This refers to the tendency of many faculty members to over-evaluate the quality of a student’s work and consequently to assign her/him a grade higher than the work deserves. //Refining Composition Skills//
 * 2)** **Deserve** (v): to command

The second fault is that the faculty member has broken faith with all those who will be harmed by the deception. //Refining Composition Skills//
 * 3)** **Deception** (n): believing a wrong fact

They may give a coveted position to a less deserving applicant because they had a false understanding of that person’s actual abilities. //http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/business/economy/22fed.html?_r=1&hp//
 * 4)** **Coveted** (adj): envied

On Wall Street, investors cheered the housing numbers and Mr. Bernanke’s optimism. //http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/business/economy/22fed.html?_r=1&hp//
 * 5)** **Cheer** (v): to clap

Despite encouraging signs on many fronts, American retailers have reported unexpectedly weak sales in the last week — a sign that that consumer spending could drag down economic growth in the months ahead. //http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/business/economy/22fed.html?_r=1&hp//
 * 6)** **Drag down** (v): to get into a bad ethical position

Germany and Japan both reported positive economic growth this week, an unexpected rebound from their own recessions. //http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/business/economy/22fed.html?_r=1&hp//
 * 7)** **Rebound** (v): to reflect

The Fed chairman cautioned that problems remained, and warned that regulators would have to impose much tougher capital requirements on major financial institutions to ensure that they can better withstand the kind of cash crunch that crippled the global financial system last fall. //[]//
 * 8)** **Caution** (v): to warn

His book was puplished in 1990 and met with unusal acclaim. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 9)** **Acclaim** (n): approval

He has a strong prejudice against me. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 10)** **Prejudice** (n): bias

The police started an inquiry into the cause of incident. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 11)** **Inquiry** (n): investigation

Not many people have the incentive to become teachers. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 12)** **Incentive** (n): motivation

Farmers will be in trouble unless the drought ends soon; it hasn't rained for six weeks. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 13)** **Drought** (n): dryness

Everyone's perception of the events leading up to the fight was diferent. //Building Skills for Profiency//
 * 14)** **Perception** (n): understanding

Do you know that light travels at a velocity of 186,000 miles a second. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 15)** **Velocity** (n): speed

Paint could help preserve the metal from corrision. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 16)** **Corrision** (n): decay

There is a nasty smell in this room. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 17)** **Nasty** (adj): bad

The scholl library is nearly vacant on Saturday evenings, but on Sunday afternoons it is again full of students. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 18)** **Vacan**t (adj): empty

He lives in a remote village in the hills. //Building Skills for Proficiency//
 * 19)** **Remote** (adj): far away

We have ample money for the journey. //Building Skills for Proficiency
 * 20)** **Ample** (adj): more than enough, plenty of

WEEK 7//

 A sound economy and high standards of educations are crucial to the development of a country.  //Building Skills for Proficiency//    Eventually the truth of the matter emerged.  //Building Skills for Proficiency//   His strange behaviour aroused our suspicious. // Building Skills for Proficiency //    **4) Deprive** (v): to deny His father deprived him of his h allowance as punishment for misbehaving. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The radicals predominate in the party. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cars emit toxic substances. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I can't endure to see people suffer. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">We can't tackle such important issues without your support and coorperation. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">He will abide by hi promise if he gives it. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Building Skills for Proficiency <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The ceremony will commence as soon as the minister arrives. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The two companies will probably merge by the first of the year. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The government's plan to raise pensions will ease the financial burdens of retired people. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">He has some emotional problems peculiar to old age. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This room is exclusively for women. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> //Building Skills for Proficiency// <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The price virtually everything has gone up. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">People in positions of leadership are predominantly men. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">He was literally penniless when I met him. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Building Skills for Proficiency // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This kind of rice is useful in areas where the flooding of paddies is difficult to control. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[] // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">But ethylene diffuses much more slowly through water, so when the plant is submerged, the gas accumulates in the plant. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[] // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The researchers found that this accumulation induces the expression of the genes, resulting in increased production of another hormone, gibberillin, that causes the rapid elongation of the stem. //http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/science/25obsnorkel.html?ref=science// <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1) Crucial **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (adj): important
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2) Emerge **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): become known
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3) Arouse **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to make interest
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5) Predominate **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to have a big influence
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6) Emit **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to release
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7) Endure **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to fell ok
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8) Tackle **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to deal with
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9) Abide by **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to keep or practice what he/she said before
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10) Commence **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(v): to begin
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">11) Merge (v) **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">: to come together, to unite
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">12) Ease **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to make something smaller
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">13) Peculiar **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (adj): characteristic
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14) Exclusively **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (adv): only
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15) Virtually **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(adv): practically
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16) Predominantly **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (adv): mainly
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17) Literally **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (adv): practically, almost
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18) ****<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paddy **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (n): anger
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">19) Submerge **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (v): to cover
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20) Elongation **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (n): to extend