Cherif_Diatta

Vocabulary Term + Part of Speech + Definition(in your own words) + Sample Sentence Place Found (with link if relevant)

Ontology (n)- The study of nature and the basic classifications along with the relationships between them. In science class, we often use **ontology** to uEditnderstand the relationship between animal species.//[|Ground Rules for Good Research]: A 10 Point Guide for Social Researchers

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9


 * Week 1** - **Vocabulary for Week Ending Friday July 3 ** //


 * 1) **Persuasion** (n) The fact of convincing someone into adhering your position or ideas or opinion. Politicians are good at persuasion. //Contemporary Topics 3,// p 70//.//
 * 2) **Converge** (v) To be similar, be on the same line or go together. We used to have different opinions, but this time, our views converge. //Contemporary Topics 3,// p 33.
 * 3) **Emerge** (v) To come out, appear or become known. His talent as a writer emerged only at the age of forty. //Contemporary topics 3,// p 50.
 * 4) **Genes** (n) cells that constitute human organism. Some diseases are family related. They are transmitted through genes. //Contemporary Topics 3//, p 60.
 * 5) **Alternative** (n) another possible solution to a situation or a problem. Solar energy is a valuable alternative to power. //Contemporary Topics 3//, p 64.
 * 6) **Unravel** (v) To let something be known or discovered. The media unraveled the circumstances of Michael Jackson`s death. //Contemporary Topics 3//, p 82.
 * 7) **Interracial** (adj) between or among races. Interracial conflicts are not common today. //Contemporary Topics 3//, p 112.
 * 8) **Foster** (v) To engender, to create or to make something happen. Liberalism fosters competition between nations and countries. **Kozol (1992)**, //Savage Inequalities//, p 62.
 * 9) **Suspicious** (adj) Curious. Suspicious fans went to Mickael Jackson`s house to have confirmation of his death. //Ten Steps to Advanced Reading.// p 60.
 * 10) **Jeopardize** (v) To compromise or put to danger. When he expended all his savings, he compromised his plans to travel. //Ten steps to advanced reading//. p 60.
 * 11) **Nonpoisonous** (adj) Without poison. Sea food is safe to eat. It is generally nonpoisonous.//Ten steps to advanced reading//. p 65.
 * 12) **Hereditary** (adj) Taken from parents, grandparents or ancestors. Asthma is a hereditary disease.//Ten steps to advanced Reading. p 71.//
 * 13) **Hallmark** (n) An important characteristic of sth. Wrestling competition is a hallmark of Senegalese culture. //Ten steps to advanced reading// (2007). p 389.
 * 14) **Thoroughly** (adv) Profoundly, deeply. Poetry has a complex style. One needs to read it thoroughly to understand. //Reader`s choice, 5th Edition//. p 84.
 * 15) **Aversion** (n) Discontent or anger. School boys usually feel aversion to the masters who beat them. //Reader`s choice, 5th Edition//. p 104.
 * 16) **Headscarf** (n) A tissue or stuff that is used to cover the head. In many Muslim countries, women wear headscarves. //Reader`s choice, 5th Edition//. p 105.
 * 17) **Rag** (n) A cloth that is torn. In many poor countries, child beggars wear rags//.// **Twain,** **M.** **(1985)**//, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, p 30//.
 * 18) **Cognitive** (adj) Related to the mind. Memorization is a cognitive operation. **Bruner, J. (1996)**, //The Culture of Education//, p 49.
 * 19) **Primate** (n) A being that has two feet or legs to move with.**Bruner, J. (1996)**, //The Culture of Education//, p 47.
 * 20) **Hegemony** (n) Domination or exercise of power over others. The American economic hegemony is an outcome of the Founding Fathers` works. **Bruner, J. (1996)**, //The Culture of Education//, p 59.
 * 21) **Aftermath** (n) A result, consequence or outcome. The aftermath of his bad acts is catastrophic.**Bruner, J. (1996)**, //The Culture of Education//, p 77.
 * 22) **Subordinate** (adj) Dependent on, subservient or dominated or weak. Slaves were subordinate people; they were in service for their masters. **Dei,G. J. S. ( 1996)**, //Anti-Racism Education//, p 62.
 * 23) **Subjugation** (n) The fact of undergoing domination. In slavery time, slaves were forced to subjugation. **Dei,G. J. S. ( 1996)**, //Anti-Racism Education//, p 68.
 * 24) **Scapegoat** (n) Someone who is take as responsible for sth or acts like theft, even though he is not guilty. Ugly old women are often the scapegoats in many African societies. **Dei,G. J. S. ( 1996)**, //Anti-Racism Education//, p 70.
 * 25) **Exacerbate** (v) To aggravate, bring to worse. Violence in Iran was exacerbated by the death of a marching woman**Dei,G. J. S. ( 1996)**, //Anti-Racism Education//, p 78.


 * Week 2**
 * 1) **Spider** (n) A small predatory with eight legs and which pins. Spiders pin nets. New Directions (2005). p. 71.
 * 2) **credibility** (adj). Reliable or trustworthy. The Iranian protestations undermine the credibility of the Presidential elections. New Directions (2005). p. 71.
 * 3) **Assessment** (n) Evaluation. Placement tests are a good assessment to put students in groups of same level to learn together.New Directions (2005). p. 80.
 * 4) **Skill** (n) ability, competence. Gifted children have innate skills. New Directions (2005). p. 81.
 * 5) **Ultimately** (adv) finally, at the end. Ultimately, US has an African American presidentNew Directions (2005). p 88.
 * 6) **Formidable** (adv) Impressive. Presisent Obama`s inaugural speech was formidable. New Directions (2005). p 89.
 * 7) **Spring** (n) A warm and rainy season. In spring the vegetation is beautiful. New Directions (2005). p 89.
 * 8) **Fulfill** (v) Achieve or meet a need. In becoming US President the Democratic Party has fulfilled its ambition.New Directions (2005). p 90.
 * 9) **Sugarcane** (n) A plant that is used to make sugar. In Brasilia, they plant a lot of sugarcanes. New Directions (2005). p. 93.
 * 10) **Indigenous** (Adj) Originated from where it is found. The American continent indigenous inhabitants are indeans. New Directions (2005). p 94.
 * 11) **Smooth** (adj) Free from roughness. Good body creams give smooth skins. Refining Composition Skills (2000). p 168.
 * 12) **Displacement** (n) Expression of things that are not present. Displacement does not exist in animal communication.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 87.
 * 13) **Infamous** (adj) Notorious, ill-famed, known widely and usually unfavorable. Rap gangsters are infamous people.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 81.
 * 14) **Ritual** (n) A prescribe way of conducting a formal ceremony. President Obama`s inaugural speech presentation is a total ritual//. Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 57.
 * 15) **Entice** (v) To provoke sombody to do sth through persuasion. Smoke droppers are enticed by good anti- smoking advice.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 34.
 * 16) **Accoustomed to** (adj) used to, developing the habit of. Tourists are accustomed to visiting the slave house in Goree Island, in Senegal.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 34.
 * 17) **Impel** (v) To force. Many terrorist prisoners are impelled to admit their crimes out of torture.//Ten steps to advanced reading// (2007). p 429.
 * 18) **Dizziness** (n) Feeling that one is about to fall. Dizziness is a sign of lack of blood in the human organism.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p 420.
 * 19) **Psychogenic** (adj) Relating to the psychological cause of a disorder. Lunatics have psychogenic diseases.//Ten steps to advanced reading// (2007). p 420.
 * 20) **Symptom** (n) Group of signs showing the presence of an illness. Loss of weight is a symptom of AIDS.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p 420.
 * 21) **Employee** (n) A person who is engaged to work in a company. Employers and employees are collaborators but not enemies.//Ten steps to advanced reading// (2007). p 389.
 * 22) **Phobia** (n) Irrational fear of sth. My phobia for dogs is innate.//Ten steps to advanced reading// (2007). p 379.
 * 23) **Plead** (v) To appeal or request earnestly. Knowing his good behavior, they plead for his innocence. //Reader`s choice, 5th Edition// (1997). p 83.
 * 24) **Excavation** (n) The fact of digging, site of archeological exploration. Excavations enable archeologists to make important human origin discoveries.//Reader`s choice, 5th Edition (1997)//. p 80.
 * 25) **Picturesque** (adj) Beautiful, pretty. At night, Los Angeles offers a picturesque view. //Reader`s choice, 5th Edition// (1997). p 87.


 * Week 3**
 * 1) **Damage** (v) To destroy, cause destruction. Hurricane Catherina has damaged a lot of houses in New Orleans. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition (1997). p, 50.
 * 2) **Herbicide** (n) Killing of herb or grass. Farmers use herbicides to clean their fields. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition (1997). p, 50.
 * 3) **Unqualified** (adj) Lacking competence, skill or ability for sth. The disable are unqualified for physical training exams. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p, 50.
 * 4) **Libber** (n) A person who back up the freedom or emancipation of a group. Feminist writers are women`s libbers. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,111.
 * 5) **Stereotype** (n) A conception, social constructed image. The idea that women cannot do well in mathematics is a stereotype. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,117.
 * 6) **Dwelling** (n) A house, place of to inhabit. In African villages dwellings are made of thatch or materials from plants. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,117.
 * 7) **Desperately** (adv) With great urgency. African countries desperately need to start new plans of development. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p, 118.
 * 8) **Weave** (v) To knit, bring pieces together. Story tellers are at weaving stories. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p, 142.
 * 9) **Multitude** (n) A large number, a great deal of. A multitude of fans attended Michael Jackson`s memorial. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p, 145.
 * 10) **Iodine** (n) A nonmetallic substance used in Medicine. Salt manufactured with iodine can be consumed without any danger. The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p, 145.
 * 11) **Yell** (v) To shout in pain. The boy yelled when the snake bit him.//The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, p, 35.//
 * 12) **Pant** (v) To breath with noise. When the race ended, athletes panted.//The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, p//, 35.
 * 13) **Deprivation** (n) Shortage, lack of. He fell ill out of sleep deprivation.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 99.
 * 14) **Monotonous** (adj) Lack of variety in tone. Monotonous lectures make students sleep. //Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 99.
 * 15) **Recidivism** (n) The fact of repeating the same crime. Recidivism is highly sanctioned in penal law.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 108.
 * 16) **Embody** (v) To incarnate or represent. President Obama embodies the hope of black American people.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 111.
 * 17) **Beverage** (n) Any drinkable liquid. Coffee and tea are beverages.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p 111.
 * 18) **Amputation** (n) Removal of a part of the body in surgery. Amputation is sometimes necessary to stop infection from diabetes.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 110.
 * 19) **Leftove**r (n) Remnant or rubbish.In Senegal, after eating, the leftover are given to the beggars.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 114.
 * 20) **Overweight** (n) excess of weight. In Ohio 40% of the population has overweight.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 114.
 * 21) **Sidewalk** (n) A path for pedestrians to walk. Down town roads usually have sidewalks.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 115.
 * 22) **Glance** (n) A quick look. Many students cheat by throwing a glance at a nearby student`s paper.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 117.
 * 23) **Upheaval** (n) A situation of unrest or disorder. The Iranian controversial elections brought about social upheaval. Latin American Research Review (1996). p, 114.
 * 24) **Dilemma** (n) A problem of choosing between two solutions. The two pairs of shoes are beautiful, so I have a dilemma which pair to buy. Latin American Research Review (1996). p, 152.
 * 25) **Radical** (adj) extremist, beyond norm. Palestinian developed a radical opposition against the Israelite. Latin American Research Review (1996). p, 173.


 * Week 4**
 * 1) **Overweight** (adj) Having an excess of weight. A large part of the American population is overweight because they have easy access to good food.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 114.
 * 2) **Handful** (n) A small quantity, number or amount. A handful of people attended the concert last night.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 115.
 * 3) **Commercial** (n) An advertisement sponsored by a commercial enterprise. Commercials give a lot of money to Radio and TV channels.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 116.
 * 4) **Ban** (v) To forbid, prevent. Eating pork is banned in Islam.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 116.
 * 5) **Tournament** (n) A sports competition of a series of games to have the winner. The soccer world cup is the most famous tournament in the world.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 153.
 * 6) **Monologue** (n) A long speech or utterance made by one person to himself or in a conversation. In novels, characters use monologues to express their inner feelings.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 155.
 * 7) **Grasp** (v) To get the meaning or understand. In reading between the lines, the reader can grasp the inferential meaning of a word in an passage.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 168.
 * 8) **Awareness** (n) Consciousness, or having the knowledge of sth. Students learn better if they have an awareness of their learning styles.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,168.
 * 9) **Consistency** (n) logical coherence. In language pedagogy, there should always be consistency between testing and teaching.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,169.
 * 10) **Scold** (v) To manifest unhappiness or anger. Parents often scold their children when they hang out without permission.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 169.
 * 11) **Frankly** (adv) Truthfully, honestly, without a lie. True friends speak frankly about their problems.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 170.
 * 12) **Leap** (v) To move forward by leaps or jumping. Lions leap to bite their preys.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,146
 * 13) **Immaculate** (adj) Entirely neat and clean. In wedding ceremonies the grooms appear in immaculate clothes.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,146.
 * 14) **Grudge** (n) Strong resentment or aversion. People often harbor a grudge against their enemies.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,146.
 * 15) **Epidemic** (n) An endemic or wide spread disease. Malaria is an epidemic in Africa in the rainy season.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,149.
 * 16) **Probability** (n) The estimation of how likely sth is likely to happen. There is a strong probability that the Democrats, in US, will appease the international turmoil.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,149.
 * 17) **Garment** (n) A clothe or article of clothing. In Africa, beggars wear torn garments.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,149.
 * 18) **Consumption** (n) The fact of consuming sth. High consumption is a mark of good quality of a product.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,149.
 * 19) **Network** (n) Group of people having the same interest or working togather for the same goal. Women networks are developing among feminists in Africa.The Reader`s Choice, 5th Edition. p,149.
 * 20) **Peripheral** (adj) Not having paramount importance. Affirmative Action is said to be peripheral today.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,150.
 * 21) **Reminiscent** (adj) Bringing to mind, or evocative. This picture is reminiscent of my stay in Senegal.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,150.
 * 22) **Recipient** (n) Someone who receive sth. Dereck Walcott has been a recipient the Nobel Price in Literature.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,151.
 * 23) **Fascinated** (adj) Being attracted by sth. The tourist were fascinated by New York night lights.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,151.
 * 24) **Burden** (v) To cause an obstacle. My poor vocabulary of English burdens my writing skills.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,151.
 * 25) **Shape** (v) to give form to sth. Reading many philosophic books has shape my critical thinking and world vision.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 142.


 * Week 5**
 * 1) **Imbalance** (n) A state of disequilibrium. Political imbalance is the cause of many coups in the world. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 142.
 * 2) **I****nterdisciplinary** (adj) Integrating disciplines. In many US universties interdisciplinary studies are a new trend. Latin American Research Review (1996). p, 142.
 * 3) **Juncture** (n) A point of meeting of two or more than two things. In phonetics, junctures happen at the end of a word is stuck with the beginning of another word. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 143.
 * 4) **Focus** (n) An emphasis. In grammar study, the focus is on the analysis of the rules that govern language. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 143.
 * 5) **Advocate** (v) To plead strongly for something. In slavery time, North America advocated the abolition of that crime//. Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 143.
 * 6) **Consensus** (n) A common agreement. The Ivorian rebels and the Ivorian government found a consensus on a cease-fire. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 144.
 * 7) **Bondage** (n) The fact of being under control or subjugation.Slavery is a form of bondage.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 145.
 * 8) **Incorporate** (v) To include. To form an authentic African literature, African writers incorporate orality in their writings. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 145.
 * 9) **Gauge** (v) To measure or estimate. Before uttering a speech, one should gauge the impacts of his words in order to avoid offending people. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 146.
 * 10) **Gap** (n) A disparity or difference between two elements. Misunderstanding between a father and a son on current social issues can be an outcome of generation gap. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 147.
 * 11) **Impeccable** (adj) Without fault or error. President Obama`s speeches are often impeccable. //The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,163.
 * 12) **Quandary** (n) A plight or unpleasant situation. Senegal had a quandary when the "Diola" boat sank. //The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,163.
 * 13) **Barely** (adv) Seldom or in a scanty way. People who have sight problems can barely distinguish people from afar. //The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,163.
 * 14) **Semantic** (adj) Relating to the study of meaning. Semantic analysis determines words synonyms and antonyms.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,162.
 * 15) **Nascent** (adj) Coming into existence. China is a nascent economic power//. The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,163.
 * 16) **Radiation** (n) A transmission of light or rays. Diamond reflects radiation.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,172.
 * 17) **Graph** (n) A chart or graphical representation of sth. Research products are often represented in graphs//. The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,173.
 * 18) **Storm** (n) A heavy rain. In many African countries, storms destroy the land for cultivation. //The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,175.
 * 19) **Bankruptcy** (n) The state of being run out of money. The economic crisis has brought bankruptcy in most American companies//. Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,271.
 * 20) **Infamous** (n) Known for bad deeds. Hitler was an infamous leader.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 271.
 * 21) **Collision** (n) An accident resulting from violent impact. Train collisions are deadly.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 271.
 * 22) **Dodge** (v) To try to avoid fulfilling one`s duty. Some companies dodge taxes to make profit.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,271.
 * 23) **Insensitivity** (n) The inability to manifest feeling. Murderers are characterized by a real insensitivity.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 271.
 * 24) **Disfigured** (adj) Having a spoiled appearance.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 272.
 * 25) **Launch** (v) To begin with vigor. The Bushan administration launched a campaign against terrorists.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p, 272.


 * Week 6**
 * 1) **Pertinent** (adj) Relevant. President Obama makes pertinent view points on his TV appearances.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 150.
 * 2) **Hybridity** (n) Identity made of different cultural elements. Creole people are characterized by hybridity//. Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 150.
 * 3) **Monocultural** (n) Related to one culture. Some African concervative societies are monocultural//. Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 151.
 * 4) **Disdain** (v) To dislike, resent, loath or detest. Marginalized social groups are often disdained. //Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,271.
 * 5) **Encompass** (v) To include as sth broader. Planet Earth encompasses five continents.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 153.
 * 6) **Readership** (n) Community of readers. Shakespeare`s readership has a worldwide scope. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 154.
 * 7) **Unimpeachably** (adv) Without any question, with no doubt. Brazil is unimpeachably the best soccer nation.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 155.
 * 8) **Synthesis** (n) A Syncretism, fusion or blend of different things. Creole identity is a syncretism of different cultural elements. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 156.
 * 9) **Shortcoming** (n) A problem, deffect, disavantage. A shortcomimg of marriage is that divorce leads to family distortion.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 157.
 * 10) **Iniquity** (n) Absence of moral and spiritual values. Sexual abuses are a mark of social iniquity.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 157.
 * 11) **Dearth** (n) Insufficent quantity, lack of. Marriage couples` misunderstanding is an outcome of a dearth of communication//.Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 157.
 * 12) **Imbue** (v) To vehicle, spread or diffuse through. Race tolerance messages are imbued with music. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 148.
 * 13) **Compilation** (n) Something that is compiled. Poetry works are generally a compilation of poems. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 159.
 * 14) **Prestige** (n) High consideration, prestigiousness. Gold has a value of prestige. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 160.
 * 15) **Descent** (n) Lineage, origin. Caribbeans are people of African descent//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 161.
 * 16) **Amalgamation** (n) A combination or uniting. NEPAD is a result of the amalgamation of two African Head of States` plans//. Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 163.
 * 17) **Metallurgy** (n) The transformation of iron into steel. Metallurgy is a business of great industries.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 167.
 * 18) **Prejudice** (n) An unfairness. Convicting an innocent person is prejudice//. Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 167.
 * 19) **Rapidity** (n) Speed. People`s habits change in rapidity due to the new information technology and the media.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 169.
 * 20) **Reasonable** (adj) Sensible. Adults adopt reasonable attitudes.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 170.
 * 21) **Fundamantal** (adj) Essential. Faithfulness is fundamental in marriage. //Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 170.
 * 22) **Peasant** (n) A farmer, a person who live by cultivation. Peasants generally live in rural areas//. Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 170.
 * 23) **Antidote** (n) A remedy that stops or controls the effects of poison. The biting of poisonous snakes can controlled by early use of antidote.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 172
 * 24) **Assessment**. Evaluation. Progress tests are an assessment of students` state of assimilation of knowledge.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 175.
 * 25) **Delimit** (v) To draw the limit. In soccer, the white lines on the lengths and widths of a pitch delimit its surface.//Latin American Research Review// (1996). p, 177.


 * Week 7**
 * 1) **Compulsory** (adj) Obligatory. In France the military service is compulsory.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,103.
 * 2) **Potential** (n) Ability, capacity. Lionel Messi has a great potential in playing soccer.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,103.
 * 3) **Conspicuous** (n) Visible to the eye, apparent. In the United sStates of America, conspicuous religious symbols are not forbidden//. The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,105.
 * 4) **Bigotry** (n) Intolerance. In societies with strong moral values, lesbians and gays undergo bigotry.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,105.
 * 5) **Breach** (v) To act without respect of the law and rules. Death penalty is a crime punishment that breaches human rights.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,105.
 * 6) **Indelicacy** (adj) Defect, lack of taste. The indelicacy of her voice is reinforced by her stammering.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,111.
 * 7) **Garbled** (adj) Confused, lacking orderly continuity. Drunken people often speak with a garbled voice.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,111.
 * 8) **Eavesdrop** (v) To listen without the speaker`s knowing. Curious people can`t help eavesdropping the talks of other people//. The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,97.
 * 9) **Thrilled** (adj) Feeling intense pleasurable excitement. The husband was thrilled when he heard sweet words from his wife.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,97.
 * 10) **Recall** (v) To remember. On 11 May, people around the world recall Bob Marley`s life and work//.The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,97.
 * 11) **Kindergarten** (n) A school for young kids. People go to kindergarten before elementary school//.The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,97.
 * 12) **Masterwork** (n) A work of great success. Picasso`s paintings are masterworks.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,97.
 * 13) **Demoralize** (v) To make someone lose spirits. his loss of job demoralizes him a great deal.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p 97.
 * 14) **Intrinsic** (adj) Pertaining to a thing by its real nature. In-class examinations do not evaluate the students` intrinsic level//.The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,98.
 * 15) **I****nstill** (v) To inculcate or to teach by repetitions or admonitions. Civic education seeks to instill moral values in students.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,99.
 * 16) **Absorption** (n) A mental state of being preoccupied by something. Solving mathematic puzzles causes absorption to scientists.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,99.
 * 17) **Inclination** (n) A tendency. Adolescents have the inclination to rebellion.//The Reader`s Choice//, 5th Edition. p,99.
 * 18) **Unreliable** (adj) Not worthy of trust. Because Iranian elections are unreliable, people demonstrate in the streets.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 63.
 * 19) **Sustainable** (adj) able to continue. Sustainable development takes care of today`s problems without compromising the needs of the future generations.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 63.
 * 20) **Controversial** (adj) Causing disagreement. The application of death penalty is a controversial issue.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 73.
 * 21) **Deterrent** (n) A way of persuading people from doing something. Death penalty is thought to a deterrent against crime. perpetration.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 73.
 * 22) **Abstract** (adj) Not concrete. Philosophy deals with abstract ideas.//Contemporary Topics 3 (2009)//, p 93.
 * 23) **Vulnerability** (n) The state of being easily affected. AIDS patient have a vulnerability to other infections.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,209.
 * 24) **Hijack** (v) To seize a means of transportation to divert it to another destination. The twin towers are destroyed by hijacked. planes.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,222.
 * 25) **Metallurgy** (n) The science and technology of metal. In metallurgy, iron is transformed into steel.//Ten steps to advanced reading (2007)//. p,267.